注意看上面海狮计划中规定的截止日期,8月1号。八月份后来事态是怎么发展的?就是不列颠空战。也就是整个海狮计划的第一步开始实施。而整个海狮计划之所以终止,你看看上面海狮计划中提出的全部前期条件,基本上都没有达到,这才是看起来似乎没有执行的原因。其中对英吉利海峡布雷的问题,这个更呵呵。相反是英国对英吉利海峡布雷成功,导致后来的德国战舰沙恩霍斯特号在突破英吉利海峡回国的时候命中两枚水雷。8 ?5 k+ q& A0 P* m6 r' ~. w
* y7 c3 `! l- d下面是当时后来在9月份德军陆军提出的登陆部队战斗序列 以及 大致登陆作战的方向想定 既然是英语,同时除了战斗部队序列名称什么的是德语之外,应该也没啥值得翻译的,看看就懂了,就偷懒不翻了
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德国登陆英国的计划,非不为也,实不能也~* v. P1 i+ l1 `" X4 X
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+ [$ y: s. d# u7 V( b8 @3 g(the planned invasion of the United Kingdom, Sep 1940)
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1 H6 w: h# x: U" k* cArmy Group A
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Commander-in-Chief: Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt" s5 }' `+ K) ~
Chief of the General Staff: General der Infanterie Georg von Sodenstern
- W# s0 o: v; l) \Operations Officer (Ia): Oberst Günther Blumentritt
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. H* o ~; |' J16th Army3 a( ^8 o8 l) X" j1 y- L/ a0 C
Commander-in-Chief: Generaloberst Ernst Busch
: K% \9 l" o- V9 G+ KChief of the General Staff: Generalleutnant Walter Model
8 ^' H" M9 Z9 e" L* p+ n0 GOperations Officer (Ia): Oberst Hans Boeckh-Behrens
9 D; \1 t1 e. [6 k" A* zLuftwaffe Commander (Koluft) 16th Army: Oberst Dr. med. dent. Walter Gnamm
5 V. u. U9 K/ z# P: m: l; hDivision Command z.b.V. 454: Charakter als Generalleutnant Rudolf Krantz (This staff served as the 16th Army’s Heimatstab or Home Staff Unit, which managed the assembly and loading of all troops, equipment and supplies; provided command and logistical support for all forces still on the Continent; and the reception and further transport of wounded and prisoners of war as well as damaged equipment. General der Infanterie Albrecht Schubert’s XXIII Army Corps served as the 16th Army’s Befehlsstelle Festland or Mainland Command, which reported to the staff of Generalleutnant Krantz. The corps maintained traffic control units and loading staffs at Calais, Dunkirk, Ostend, Antwerp and Rotterdam.)
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% p* d& Y4 G' N, _8 [FIRST WAVE
3 f0 h, s' O0 h( k: O- fXIII Army Corps: General der Panzertruppe Heinrich-Gottfried von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel (First-wave landings on English coast between Folkestone and New Romney) – Luftwaffe II./Flak-Regiment 14 attached to corps
/ \% T4 T# w4 K/ `. x17th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Herbert Loch; ^7 Z# j) H( j0 c2 p h
35th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Hans Wolfgang Reinhard
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! \ j4 x; o. s' N8 vVII Army Corps: Generaloberst Eugen Ritter von Schobert (First-wave landings on English coast between Rye and Hastings) – Luftwaffe I./Flak-Regiment 26 attached to corps
+ t4 k8 q0 |+ }7 i+ i! s; h1st Mountain Division: Generalleutnant Ludwig Kübler% P7 @) T+ s5 }* K- V6 i
7th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Eccard Freiherr von Gablenz
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SECOND WAVE
+ h2 q/ ~+ v+ e) k( @3 Q# J# bV Army Corps: General der Infanterie Richard Ruoff (Transferred from the first to the second wave in early September 1940 so that the second echelons of the two first-wave corps could cross simultaneously with their first echelons)
$ e3 D& A# e9 v; a/ W, ^- W12th Infantry Division: Generalmajor Walter von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
2 k) K$ X9 \; _- N4 N6 M5 v7 E1 L: ?30th Infantry Division: General der Infanterie Kurt von Briesen
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XXXXI Army Corps: General der Panzertruppe Georg-Hans Reinhardt
0 }" X1 v: ~5 j& x1 i. i! v) K8th Panzer Division: Generalleutnant Adolf Kuntzen – Luftwaffe Light Flak-Abteilung 94 attached to division
- X; [* G: ^; X7 I, j10th Panzer Division: Generalleutnant Ferdinand Schaal – Luftwaffe Light Flak-Abteilung 71 attached to division
0 e. [3 D, S9 L% \0 Z29th Infantry Division (Motorized): Generalmajor Walter von Boltenstern – Luftwaffe Light Flak-Abteilung 76 attached to division- v( T, g. | W7 n/ q4 ?; @
Infantry Regiment “Großdeutschland”: Oberst Wilhelm-Hunold von Stockhausen
1 ] v: _% c) p8 f0 t5 \Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Regiment: SS-Obergruppenführer Josef “Sepp” Dietrich
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THIRD WAVE6 F; y: D+ D! x: o! ?
IV Army Corps: General der Infanterie Viktor von Schwedler
( [, i9 Z" s& a* \8 M24th Infantry Division: Generalmajor Hans von Tettau
/ p' }6 D, T! N58th Infantry Division: Generalmajor Iwan Heunert1 y |7 l* ^6 R1 Z
" E% N, L$ n& j6 S2 {XXXXII Army Corps: General der Pionere Walter Kuntze
- o- n+ A7 _4 h7 `45th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Friedrich Materna
( k! l" B% @7 h8 y& e164th Infantry Division: Generalmajor Josef Folttmann
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9th Army (General der Artillerie Christian Hansen’s X Army Corps headquarters staff with the attached Luftwaffe I./Flak-Regiment 29 was in addition allocated to the 9th Army for use with the first-wave troops)* P0 k) u' y# P
Commander-in-Chief: Generaloberst Adolf Strauß
$ ~: j$ b; L& W" c8 l, yChief of the General Staff: Generalleutnant Karl Adolf Hollidt
1 m- y O6 n% f/ f6 w$ T/ IOperations Officer (Ia): Oberstleutnant Heinz von Gyldenfeldt
3 y& l2 W2 H. y3 KLuftwaffe Commander (Koluft) 9th Army: (possibly) Generalmajor Maximilian Kieffer *! s& P/ o. k8 g7 x: o6 t
Division Command z.b.V. 444: Generalmajor Alois Josef Ritter von Molo (This staff served as the 9th Army’s Heimatstab or Home Staff Unit, which managed the assembly and loading of all troops, equipment and supplies; provided command and logistical support for all forces still on the Continent; and the reception and further transport of wounded and prisoners of war as well as damaged equipment. It maintained loading staffs at Le Havre, Boulogne and Calais.)% l x+ t4 e* s7 e# U
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FIRST WAVE9 ?& _2 m3 ^/ A4 H
XXXVIII Army Corps: General der Infanterie Erich von Lewinski genannt von Manstein (First-wave landings on English coast between Bexhill and Eastbourne) – Luftwaffe I./Flak-Regiment 3 attached to corps r$ F( T" F* D# r
26th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Sigismund von Förster
\/ R6 V& Z3 S: U& ]34th Infantry Division: Generalmajor Werner Sanne7 J; S+ ]# I5 N0 ?4 ]( c, Z; y
# u; K/ p- Q) S7 B! e, _VIII Army Corps: General der Artillerie Walter Heitz (First-wave landings on English coast between Beachy Head and Brighton) – Luftwaffe I./Flak-Regiment 36 attached to corps
6 m9 t3 m$ H. G6th Mountain Division: Generalmajor Ferdinand Schörner
- Y3 T9 \* x5 I1 X" f8th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Rudolf Koch-Erpach0 @- \. D! f# j! V; _$ g
28th Infantry Division: Generalmajor Johann Sinnhuber
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/ V: v: A( [" {SECOND WAVE5 I0 V0 P2 P' ]: p# N# j
XV Army Corps: Generaloberst Hermann Hoth7 [- J$ I7 j( f4 S( P5 X- X
4th Panzer Division: Generalmajor Willibald Freiherr von Langermann und Erlencamp – Luftwaffe Light Flak-Abteilung 77 attached to division
, ?* C" x7 n* s8 T4 I7th Panzer Division: Generalmajor Erwin Rommel – Luftwaffe Light Flak-Abteilung 86 attached to division" U1 @ F! r. A. W# D
20th Infantry Division (Motorized): Generalleutnant Mauritz von Wiktorin – Luftwaffe Light Flak-Abteilung 93 attached to division
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THIRD WAVE9 @6 J3 i7 j, k7 L9 J: z% J
XXIV Army Corps: General der Panzertruppe Leo Freiherr Geyr von Schweppenburg; I1 r6 C1 q% V
15th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Ernst-Eberhard Hell
# [: `4 Y! `6 d) Y78th Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Curt Gallenkamp! S6 G5 U4 q! i& S
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Airborne Formations; f3 t* z% Z( j3 i
& D: e$ \) `2 w4 A7th Flieger-Division (Parachute): Generalmajor Richard Putzier (under Generalfeldmarschall Albert Keßelring’s Luftflotte 2). The division was assigned drop zones in the area of Lyminge—Sellinge—Hythe on the right wing of the 16th Army and tasked with the immediate capture of the high ground north and northwest of Folkestone. The division consisted of Fallschirmjäger Regiments 1, 2 and 3 commanded by Oberst Bruno Bräuer, Oberst Alfred Sturm and Oberst Richard Heidrich respectively, and the Air Landing Assault Regiment commanded by Oberst Eugen Meindl. All four regiments were to be employed in the operation.
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! {- k- R. d$ T5 e3 v$ W1. Kampfgruppe “Meindl” was to land at Hythe, secure crossings over the Royal Military Canal at and west of Hythe and advance along the line from Hythe rail station to Saltwood to prevent any flanking moves by the British.+ s0 \ q: ]' S: B5 W( s" D) W
/ z* y4 f; w+ ]+ y+ R* u7 P2. Kampfgruppe “Stentzler” led by Major Edgar Stentzler, the commander of the II. Battalion of the Air Landing Assault Regiment was to drop and seize the heights at Paddlesworth and hold off any counter-attacks.
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) q! m& A- G% N4 p8 ~. zThese two groups would be timed to drop as the landing craft carrying 17th Infantry Division hit the beach near Folkestone.1 u) L+ |7 d8 ]3 h5 i4 s
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3. Kampfgruppe “Bräuer” was to drop an hour later south of Postling. This enlarged group would consist of a complete parachute battalion, a parachute engineer battalion, the antitank company of FJR1, all of FJR2 and FJR3, and an extra battalion as divisional reserve.
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Once landed, Kampfgruppe “Bräuer” was to take Stentzler’s group under its command and the combined force was to take Sandgate and the high ground west of Paddlesworth. FJR2 was to move north of Postling and guard against attack from the north while FJR3 was to secure the western flank with one battalion detached to capture and hold Lympe airfield for a later fly-in by 22nd Air Landing Division, possibly as late as S plus 5.
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. {) p4 T* t' U7 Z22nd Air Landing Infantry Division: Generalleutnant Hans Graf von Sponeck (under OKH control, but temporarily placed under the command of the 16th Army on 20 September 1940)
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Bau-Lehr-Regiment z.b.V. 800 “Brandenburg” (In Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion, author Peter Schenk notes very little source material exists on the role of the “Brandenburg” commandos in the operation. Schenk reconstructed the probable missions of the commandos from what little exits in the records of the first wave divisions and the recollections of former members of the regiment.)
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" ]9 {: j( J+ P# n* }3 T2 M16th Army Area of Operations! X1 B1 r5 B7 x+ X0 g
A 131-man commando team with 50 light motorcycles of the 1st Company of the I. Battalion would cross the channel with the 35th Infantry Division—one platoon with the division’s advanced detachment and one with Panzer Battalion D. Another commando team from the I. Battalion with three reconnaissance tanks would also land with the 17th Infantry Division. Upon landing, the “Brandenburg” company would link up with a combat group led by Oberst Edmund Hoffmeister, the commander of Infantry Regiment 21 of the 17th Infantry Division. Composed of elements of the 17th Infantry Division, the 7th Flieger-Division, corps-level support troops and Panzer Battalion B, Hoffmeister’s battle group would push up the coast to Dover. The “Brandenburg” company would assist by taking out British positions on the coast and along the Royal Military Canal as well as suspected artillery positions to the north.% V7 K" ]5 s5 l# D, h
Another commando team consisting of elements of the regimental intelligence unit and most of the 4th Company of the I. Battalion would land with the first wave and attack Dover directly to prevent the sinking of block ships in the harbor entrance and to neutralize the coastal batteries on the Dover heights. (An alternative to landing this commando team with the first wave troops might have been the use of about 25 fast motorboats, i.e., customs authority and police boats, under command of Korvettenkapitän Strempel. Author Peter Schenk notes that Strempel was never informed of his objective, but it was likely Dover.)4 y. v3 I" j0 w6 |( O6 _$ L# ]. s
" q3 W0 S+ p. |1 x2 P, A, i0 s9th Army Area of Operations
/ L& r' O, Y5 d) L2 G t% [The 11th Company of the III. Battalion was allocated to the 9th Army for first wave employment as follows: two commando teams of 72 and 38 men were assigned to the 26th Infantry Division and one commando unit of 48 men to the 34th Infantry Division. Mounted on light motorcycles, the first two commando teams were assigned the mission of destroying the gun battery at Beachy Head and the radio station to the north of it; the 48-man team’s mission is not recorded, but is was probably a similar task.
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6th Army; i1 I! I1 b5 E4 G
Commander-in-Chief: Generalfeldmarschall Walther von Reichenau( `% o& c- ^, k
Chief of the General Staff: Oberst Ferdinand Heim
" m4 F& i% D, W; c* i' W0 [Operations Officer (Ia): Oberst Anton-Reichard Freiherr von Mauchenheim genannt Bechtolsheim
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The 6th Army held the II Army Corps (General der Infanterie Walter Graf von Brockdorff-Ahlefeldt) with the 6th Infantry Division and the 256th Infantry Division, commanded by Generalleutnant Arnold Freiherr von Biegeleben and Generalmajor Gerhard Kauffmann respectively, in readiness for potential landings in Lyme Bay between Weymouth and Lyme Regis. Cherbourg would serve as the embarkation port for the 6th Army’s invasion forces. The 6th Army was under the command of Army Group C (Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb), which had taken over this function from Army Group B (Generalfeldmarschall Fedor von Bock) on 11 September 1940.
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( T2 D6 D7 O5 ?* x; F0 a) H8 W4 e! \OKH Reserves( D7 z) r( O! r2 O# P7 s. D2 F% ?
These divisions, comprising the Fourth Wave, were to be designated on S-10 Day.
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Submersible/Amphibious Tanks
E. f. p0 c7 P: a% H" _Three battalions were allocated to the 16th Army and one battalion to the 9th Army. As of 29 August 1940, the four battalions, lettered A-D, totaled 160 PzKpfw III (U) submersible tanks with 37mm guns, 8 PzKpfw III (U) submersible tanks with 50mm guns, 42 PzKpfw IV (U) submersible tanks with 75mm guns, and 52 PzKpfw II (Schwimm) amphibious tanks with 20mm guns. The battalions were organized into three companies of four platoons each. **
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3 @# v2 H1 ^# c' ^6 [" bLuftwaffe
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Luftflotte 2 (cooperating with the 16th Army)
. [& ^$ Y" f/ Q" o) c, d- n8 yCommander-in-Chief: Generalfeldmarschall Albert Keßelring
9 ~8 h7 V8 f( E* oChief of the General Staff: Generalleutnant Wilhelm Speidel
% H3 o3 O) h) C% ?! D! e% M8 \1 @Operations Officer (Ia): Oberstleutnant Walter Loebel$ a8 x K1 q8 `2 T( V4 t
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VIII. Fliegerkorps (dive-bomber aircraft): General der Flieger Dipl. Ing. Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen* H4 _% ^5 w5 b: k A! ?( G4 P
II. Fliegerkorps (bomber aircraft): General der Flieger Bruno Loerzer6 F* ~) [! S' `0 B
9. Fliegerdivision (bomber and mine laying aircraft): Generalleutnant Joachim Coeler; ], A5 t- R( O3 i7 G
Jagdfliegerführer 1 (fighter aircraft): Generalmajor Theodor “Theo” Osterkamp1 `4 [; \. a& \- o. P
Jagdfliegerführer 2 (fighter aircraft): Generalmajor Kurt-Bertram von Döring
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4 c5 e, \: X! G6 e: q4 oII. Flakkorps – Tasked with air defense of the English Channel coast and ports during loading and unloading of the landing craft, support of Army troops and protecting the transport fleets against air and surface attacks. This Flakkorps also controlled those Luftwaffe Flak elements attached to the corps and divisions of the 16th Army (see that Army’s OOB).
+ K) T, s5 b' n% a5 _; T! eCommanding General: Generalleutnant Otto Deßloch+ J0 X: y, D P' n
Chief of Staff: Oberst Georg Neuffer$ p% B& N, @: K' D7 z; ]
9 E* T1 g. t. u) B! Z8 Q1 G q9 ?, V! r! JFlak-Regiment 6 (Ostende): Oberstleutnant Georg von Gyldenfeldt$ q, E2 e& l! n+ }
Flak-Regiment 136 (Boulogne): Oberstleutnant Alexander Nieper
+ P$ f p+ ?# F- D( _) rFlak-Regiment 201 (Calais): Oberstleutnant Adolf Pirmann
$ b: o H w4 g; c) _Flak-Regiment 202 (Dunkirk): Oberstleutnant Donald von Alten5 r& g1 O$ h4 }; {" u% U
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Luftflotte 3 (cooperating with the 9th Army)
1 g4 d! H9 V. L+ u. gCommander-in-Chief: Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle
4 k8 J4 t3 @+ e' q! j, w' WChief of the General Staff: Generalmajor Günther Korten
: S% h! t7 i: C0 vOperations Officer (Ia): Oberstleutnant Karl Koller0 [$ Y+ d% S9 U' b& R
% a/ v5 v( G1 @ n* UI. Fliegerkorps (bomber and dive-bomber aircraft): Generaloberst Ulrich Grauert
1 j( P' Y8 l, aIV. Fliegerkorps (bomber aircraft): Generalleutnant Kurt Pflugbeil6 `0 y, A$ `' g/ N
V. Fliegerkorps (bomber aircraft): General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim
3 w7 b) m; K9 s4 D. t8 m% JJagdfliegerführer 3 (fighter aircraft): Oberst Werner Junck. d" @; Z$ r4 _" \
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I. Flakkorps – Tasked with air defense of the English Channel coast and ports during loading and unloading of the landing craft, support of Army troops and protecting the transport fleets against air and surface attacks. This Flakkorps also controlled those Luftwaffe Flak elements attached to the corps and divisions of the 9th Army (see that army’s OOB).: \6 \ R$ q( p5 z9 }2 l$ p
Commanding General: Generaloberst Hubert Weise9 @- Q# Y, n: T2 R4 s$ t" e
Chief of Staff: Oberst Wolfgang Pickert% X3 ~) v# N2 x& q
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Flak-Brigade I: Generalmajor Walther von Axthelm
& J- }% m7 }' T# @: QFlak-Regiment 102: Oberstleutnant Otto Stange. e8 G% |) _; A
Flak-Regiment 103: Oberst Alfred Kuprian
8 G5 w a: P2 `" ?0 L7 b# JFlak-Brigade II: Oberst Erich Kressmann. z/ S! J5 B) ^: S
Flak-Regiment 101: Oberstleutnant Johann-Wilhelm Doering-Manteuffel
( B4 {9 M! d2 c1 x3 \- \Flak-Regiment 104: Oberst Hermann Lichtenberger9 v+ _/ j9 F$ X1 }
0 c) f6 j0 q- \' S% W8 zKriegsmarine: p6 @- G& y4 G" M3 o! N
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9 `: X0 [: J8 o4 I+ |1 GCommander-in-Chief of Navy Group Command West: Generaladmiral Alfred Saalwächter (Responsible for operational direction of the “Sea Lion” light naval forces based in France and the Low Countries.)# t: N8 y) Y' \, b7 b7 l8 d
7 ?$ F4 l5 x$ WNaval Commander West for Operation “Sea Lion” (also the Fleet Chief): Admiral Günther Lütjens (Responsible for the tactical control and protection of the four transport fleets. The Kriegsmarine began assembling the following formations for protection of the convoy routes: two destroyer flotillas at Le Havre and four torpedo boat flotillas at Cherbourg to protect the western flank and three motor torpedo boat flotillas at Zeebrügge, Flushing and Rotterdam to protect the eastern flank. Also, 27 U-boats under the direction of Vizeadmiral Karl Dönitz were arranged to reinforce the convoy protection formations. Finally, nine patrol flotillas, 10 minesweeping flotillas and five motor minesweeping flotillas would accompany the transport convoys during the actual Channel crossing. An additional three minesweeping flotillas, two anti-submarine flotillas and 14 minelayers were allocated to Navy Group Command West for supplementary support.)) K) F/ L) _+ x# B
( ]# o' E6 d1 \Chief of Staff: Kapitän zur See Harald Netzbandt1 U2 D, Q6 ~6 K8 d3 y! t- \+ F
- h- {. R% R; k# ?* oLeader of Destroyers (also Chief of the 6th Destroyer Flotilla): Kapitän zur See Erich Bey – flagship: destroyer Hans Lody (Z 10).8 b9 ]% N) b' }5 a8 M2 C. p1 @( r; P
8 n$ W0 r% u& g0 T& D; b% HLeader of Torpedo Boats: Kapitän zur See Hans Bütow* S) S5 N2 _( o: F+ Q% n. G
/ h3 x3 R& U) A" b. c4 PCommander of U-Boats: Vizeadmiral Karl Dönitz9 p- @* e" ^. o- s3 B c& {/ Z
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Transport Fleet “B” (Dunkirk): Vizeadmiral Hermann von Fischel – transporting the first echelons of the 17th and 35th Infantry Divisions and the staff and corps troops, including Panzer Battalions B and D (less one company from the latter), of the XIII Army Corps.
, r, N7 q: t9 Z9 q, dTow Formation 1 (Dunkirk): Vizeadmiral von Fischel (as well as being the transport fleet commander)
# s* ~1 a/ u8 ]& |# K4 s8 T- d4 ?Tow Formation 2 (Ostend): Kapitän zur See Walter Hennecke( v6 U1 K* ~- ^3 U9 Z
Convoy 1 (Ostend): Kapitän zur See Wagner- }9 I c8 C+ z" G g
Convoy 2 (Rotterdam): Kapitän zur See Ernst Schirlitz
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Transport Fleet “C” (Calais): Kapitän zur See Gustav Kleikamp – transporting the first echelons of the 1st Mountain Division and the 7th Infantry Division and the staff and corps troops, including Panzer Battalion A, of the VII Army Corps.
* B" B# ~! C) y( b, | g# h1 EConvoy 3 (Antwerp): Kapitän zur See Wesemann9 Y: Z) N; L, G: J8 A1 j% y7 @1 ?
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Transport Fleet “D” (Boulogne): Kapitän zur See Werner Lindenau – transporting the first echelons of the 26th and 34th Infantry Divisions and the staff and corps troops, including Panzer Battalion C, of the XXXVIII Army Corps.; K! t3 s( j4 f" L7 }( a! E) O
+ V+ a6 e5 m: x0 B KTransport Fleet “E” (Le Havre): Kapitän zur See Ernst Scheurlen – transporting the first echelons of the 6th Mountain Division, the 8th and 28th Infantry Divisions and the staff and corps troops, including one company from Panzer Battalion D, of the VIII and X Army Corps.. R" D9 B# R/ g; x& P% Y, m1 Y4 b
Echelon 1a (Le Havre): Korvettenkapitän von Jagow (originally designated Convoy 4)
* Q! m/ U6 [& B& P. B) YEchelon 1b (Le Havre): Kapitän zur See Ulrich Brocksien (originally designated Convoy 5)5 m7 ^3 g1 s. f+ {0 L" I
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Heavy Naval Units
' z! I+ d& _/ n% f) v8 t7 bThe Kriegsmarine did not plan to employ its few remaining heavy surface units in the coastal waters of the main invasion area. Instead, they would be used for diversions to draw British naval forces away from the English Channel and tie down British troops away from the landing zones. |